Sam Bankman-Fried knows he made a number of mistakes, both small and large, over his time leading crypto trading firm Alameda Research and, later, his cryptocurrency exchange FTX. In fact, Bankman-Fried planned to begin his testimony to Congress following the FTX collapse with a simple declaration, made under oath: "I fucked up."
In Bankman-Fried’s telling, he believed the funds he spent on everything from venture investments and marketing partnerships to Bahamian real estate purchases and loan repayments came from legitimate sources, mainly the profits of his multi-billion dollar companies, along with loans to Alameda Research, which Bankman-Fried owned 90% of, from third-party lenders.
"So at the time, I wasn't entirely sure what was happening. What I believed was that either the funds were just being held in a bank account and...not used or removed, or that they were being sent to FTX in one way or another, maybe as stablecoin," Bankman-Fried testified. If Alameda was borrowing the funds, Bankman-Fried assumed "...that would be reflected as a borrow on Alameda's info@ account," or the main account Alameda Research used for trading on FTX.
According to Bankman-Fried’s testimony, it wasn’t until October 2022 that he stumbled across the fiat@ entry himself, in a new database meant for non-developers to use without risking any harm to FTX’s primary database. Bankman-Fried testified he was "very surprised" after discovering the fiat@ liability, which was around $8 billion at the time. Fiat@ had the effect of obscuring the true nature of Alameda’s borrowing.
Furthermore, since the liability represented a debt to FTX, Alameda becoming insolvent would endanger not just his trading firm, but his entire empire. Nishad Singh, for example, testified that he had overheard Bankman-Fried discussing fiat@ with FTX chief of staff Jen Chan in Dec. 2019 — far before the June 2022 incident when Bankman-Fried testified he first heard of its existence.
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