Chronic kidney disease or heart rate increase > 30 beats/min from baseline , a rescue bolus of 500 mL crystalloid over 30 min was allowed in both groups according to the decision of the treating clinician. Urine output was recorded hourly until 6 h post-randomization.
The exploratory outcomes included physiological effects [i.e., MAP, heart rate, norepinephrine dose, central venous pressure , difference in core vs.
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